Intervention in operation of a vehicle having autonomous driving capabilities

ABSTRACT

Among other things, a determination is made that intervention in an operation of one or more autonomous driving capabilities of a vehicle is appropriate. Based on the determination, a person is enabled to provide information for an intervention. The intervention is caused in the operation of the one or more autonomous driving capabilities of the vehicle.

BACKGROUND

On some occasions, such as when a vehicle that has autonomous drivingcapabilities (an AV) is driving on a road and experiences an event—suchas system faults, extreme weather conditions, and temporary detours—itmay be useful to have a remotely located person provide assistance.

SUMMARY

In some implementations, the technologies described in this documentinclude a teleoperation system that interacts with an AV system tohandle various types of events, some of which may induce risks (e.g.,collisions, traffic jams and damages) or may prohibit or inhibit the AVthat is part of the AV system from traveling along a planned trajectory.In some examples, to handle the events, the AV system may communicatewith a teleoperation system where a teleoperator provides teleoperationsto the AV system.

In some cases, the teleoperation system may comprise a client onboardthe AV or associated with the AV system and a server remote to the AV orthe AV system. In some cases, the client and the server are both onboardthe AV. In some applications, the server and the client may be separatedinto two different computing devices; in some cases, they may beintegrated into a single computing device.

In some implementations, a function or a step described as a part of ateleoperation client may be realized as a part of a teleoperationserver. Similarly, a function or a step described as a part of ateleoperation server may be realized as a part of a teleoperationclient. In some cases, a function or a step can be a part of ateleoperation server and a part of a teleoperation client.

In general, in one aspect, a method comprises: (a) determining thatintervention in an operation of one or more autonomous drivingcapabilities of a vehicle is appropriate; (b) based on thedetermination, enabling a person to provide information for anintervention; and (c) causing the intervention in the operation of theone or more autonomous driving capabilities of the vehicle. Determiningthat intervention is appropriate may comprise receiving a request forintervention. Determining that intervention is appropriate may comprisereceiving information about a status or environment of the vehicle or arelated AV system. The status or the environment of the vehicle maycomprise a functionality of a hardware component or software of thevehicle or the AV system.

In some implementations, the information about the status or theenvironment of the vehicle or the AV system may comprise a signal from ahardware component or software of the vehicle or the AV system.Determining that an intervention is appropriate may comprise analyzingthe signal. Analyzing the signal may comprise detecting unexpected dataor absence of expected data. Analyzing the signal may compriseevaluating a mismatch between a measured quantity and a model-estimatedquantity for the hardware component or software. Analyzing the signalmay comprise using pattern recognition to evaluate an abnormal patternin the signal. The abnormal pattern may be learned by a machine learningalgorithm. Analyzing the signal may comprise inferring a malfunction inthe hardware component or the software. Analyzing the signal maycomprise detecting an unknown object present in the environment of thevehicle. Analyzing the signal may comprise inferring an event that is orwill be happening in the environment of the vehicle.

In some implementations, the request may comprise a request initiated bya remote operator. The request may comprise data associated with statusor environment of a vehicle or a related AV system. The request maycomprise one or more signals from one or more hardware components of thevehicle or a related AV system. The request may comprise one or moresignals from one or more software processes of the vehicle.

In some implementations, the method may comprise, based on thedetermination, causing a fallback intervention in the operation of theone or more autonomous driving capabilities of the vehicle. The fallbackintervention may comprise causing the vehicle or a related AV system toenter a fully autonomous driving mode, a semi-autonomous driving mode,or a fully manual driving mode. The fallback intervention may comprisecausing the vehicle to operate at a reduced velocity. The fallbackintervention may comprise identifying a safe-to-stop location. Thefallback intervention may comprise generating a new trajectory to thesafe-to-stop location. The fallback intervention may comprise invoking abackup hardware component or a backup software process. The fallbackintervention may comprise evaluating functional hardware components orsoftware processes required to operate the vehicle.

In some implementations, determining that intervention is appropriatemay comprise evaluating one or more active events associated with thevehicle or a related AV system, or the environment of the vehicle.Evaluating one or more events may comprise merging two or more activeevents. Enabling the person to provide information for an interventionmay comprise maintaining a queue based on one or more determinationsthat intervention is appropriate. Maintaining the queue may compriseprioritizing an intervention based on one or more of the following: adecision tree, a combinatorial optimization, a machine algorithm, and apast intervention. Enabling the person to provide information for anintervention may comprise allocating the person to provide theinformation based on availability of the person, and one or more of: (a)time, (b) knowledge of the vehicle, (c) knowledge of the environment ofthe vehicle, or (d) a language.

In some implementations, enabling the person to provide information foran intervention may comprise presenting an interactive interface to theperson. Presenting an interactive interface may comprise presenting afield of view or a bird's-eye of a vision sensor of the vehicle.Presenting an interactive interface may comprise presenting current orpast or both perception information. Presenting an interactive interfacemay comprise presenting current or past or both trajectories. Presentingan interactive interface may comprise presenting current or past or bothmotion planning information. Presenting an interactive interface maycomprise presenting a system diagram of the vehicle, the system diagramcomprising one or more hardware components, or one or more softwareprocesses, or both.

In some implementations, the information for the intervention maycomprise a current location of the vehicle determined by the person. Theintervention may comprise treating the current location identified bythe person as prior knowledge and using an inference algorithm to updatethe current location. The intervention may be based on the personidentifying a goal location of the vehicle. The intervention maycomprise treating the goal location identified by the person as priorknowledge and using an inference algorithm to update the goal location.

In some implementations, the method may include an interventioncomprising a trajectory to be found by the person. The intervention maycomprise treating the trajectory identified by the person as priorknowledge and using an inference algorithm to update the trajectory. Theintervention may comprise one or more trajectory sampling pointsidentified by the person. The intervention may comprise inferring atrajectory or a trajectory segment based on the one or more trajectorysampling points. Inferring a trajectory or a trajectory segment may bebased on one or more trajectory primitives. The intervention maycomprise concatenating two trajectory segments. Concatenating twotrajectory segments may comprise smoothing the trajectory segments andsmoothing a speed profile across the trajectory segments. Theintervention may comprise specifying one or more un-traversable roadsegments. The intervention may comprise setting a speed profile. Theintervention may comprise treating the speed profile as prior knowledgeand using an inference algorithm to update the speed profile.

In some implementations, the intervention may be based on inferring aspeed profile by a learning algorithm. The intervention may be based oninferring a steering angle by a learning algorithm. The intervention maycomprise enabling, editing or disabling a hardware component or asoftware process. The intervention may comprise enabling, editing ordisabling a subcomponent of a hardware component or a processing step ofa software process.

In some implementations, the method may include an interventioncomprising overwriting a travel preference or a travel rule. In someimplementations, the method may include an intervention comprisingediting data, the data comprising one or more of the following: a map,sensor data in the vehicle or a related AV system, trajectory data inthe vehicle or a related AV system, vision data in the vehicle or arelated AV system, or any past data in the vehicle or a related AVsystem.

In some implementations, the method may include configuring the vehicleor a related AV system based on a command. Configuring the vehicle orthe AV system based on a command may comprise treating the command asprior knowledge and using an inference algorithm to update the command.A command may comprise one or more of the following: a trajectory, alabel, a process control, an annotation, and a machine instruction.

In general, in an aspect, a method comprises (a) receiving anintervention request regarding an operation of one or more autonomousdriving capabilities of a vehicle; (b) causing a person to interact withthe vehicle over a communication channel; and (c) issuing anintervention to configure the operation of the one or more autonomousdriving capabilities of a vehicle.

In some implementations, the method may comprise receiving or generatingor analyzing information about a status or environment of the vehicle.The information about the status or the environment of the vehicle maycomprise a functionality of a hardware component or software of thevehicle. The information about the status or the environment of thevehicle may comprise a signal from a hardware component or software ofthe vehicle. The information about the status or the environment of thevehicle may comprise presence of unexpected data or absence of expecteddata. The information about the status or the environment of the vehiclemay comprise a mismatch between a measured quantity and amodel-estimated quantity for a hardware component or software of thevehicle.

In some implementations, analyzing the information may comprise usingpattern recognition to evaluate an abnormal pattern in the information.The abnormal pattern may be learned by a machine learning algorithm.Analyzing the information may comprise inferring a malfunction in thehardware component or the software. Analyzing the information maycomprise detecting an unknown object present in the environment of thevehicle. Analyzing the information may comprise inferring an event thatis or will be happening in the environment of the vehicle.

In some implementations, the intervention request may comprise a requestinitiated by the person or a second person. The intervention request maycomprise data associated with status or environment of a vehicle or arelated AV system. The intervention request may comprise one or moresignals from one or more hardware components of the vehicle or a relatedAV system. The intervention request may comprise one or more signalsfrom one or more software processes of the vehicle.

In some implementations, determining that intervention is appropriatemay comprise evaluating one or more active events associated with thevehicle or a related AV system, or the environment of the vehicle.Evaluating one or more events may comprise merging two or more activeevents.

In some implementations, the method may comprise maintaining a queue ofone or more intervention requests. Maintaining the queue may compriseprioritizing an intervention based on one or more of the following: adecision tree, a combinatorial optimization, a machine algorithm, and apast intervention.

In some implementations, the method may comprise allocating the personto interact with the vehicle based on availability of the person, andone or more of: (a) time, (b) knowledge of the vehicle, (c) knowledge ofthe environment of the vehicle, or (d) a language.

In some implementations, the method may comprise presenting aninteractive interface to the person. Presenting an interactive interfacemay comprise presenting a field of view or a bird's-eye of a visionsensor of the vehicle. Presenting an interactive interface may comprisepresenting current or past, or both, perception information. Presentingan interactive interface may comprise presenting current or past, orboth, trajectories. Presenting an interactive interface may comprisepresenting current or past, or both, motion planning information.Presenting an interactive interface comprises presenting a systemdiagram of the vehicle, the system diagram comprising one or morehardware components, or one or more software processes, or both.

In some implementations, the method may include an interventioncomprising a current location of the vehicle determined by the person;the intervention may comprise treating the current location identifiedby the person as prior knowledge and using an inference algorithm toupdate the current location. The intervention may comprise identifying agoal location for the vehicle; the intervention may comprise treatingthe goal location identified as prior knowledge and using an inferencealgorithm to update the goal location. The intervention may comprise atrajectory to be found by the person; the intervention may comprisetreating the trajectory identified by the person as prior knowledge andusing an inference algorithm to update the trajectory. The interventionmay comprise one or more trajectory sampling points identified by theperson; the intervention may comprise inferring a trajectory or atrajectory segment based on the one or more trajectory sampling points.Inferring a trajectory or a trajectory segment may be based on one ormore trajectory primitives. The intervention may comprise concatenatingtwo trajectory segments. Concatenating two trajectory segments maycomprise smoothing the trajectory segments and smoothing a speed profileacross the trajectory segments. In some implementations, theintervention may comprise specifying one or more un-traversable roadsegments.

In some implementations, the intervention may comprise setting a speedprofile; the intervention may comprise treating the speed profile asprior knowledge and using an inference algorithm to update the speedprofile. The intervention may be based on inferring a speed profile by alearning algorithm. The intervention may be based on inferring asteering angle by a learning algorithm. The intervention may compriseenabling, editing or disabling a hardware component or a softwareprocess. The intervention may comprise enabling, editing or disabling asubcomponent of a hardware component or a processing step of a softwareprocess.

In some implementations, the intervention may comprise overwriting atravel preference or a travel rule. The intervention may compriseediting data, the data comprising one or more of the following: a map,sensor data in the vehicle, trajectory data in the vehicle, vision datain the vehicle, or any past data in the vehicle. Configuring theoperation of the one or more autonomous driving capabilities maycomprise treating an intervention as prior knowledge and using aninference algorithm to update the intervention for a purpose of theconfiguration. An intervention may comprise one or more of thefollowing: a trajectory, a label, a process control, an annotation, anda machine instruction.

In general, in an aspect, implementations include a vehicle withautonomous driving capabilities comprising, and the vehicle may comprise(a) steering, acceleration, and deceleration devices that respond tocontrolling signals from a driving control system to drive the vehicleautonomously on a road network; (b) a monitoring element on the vehiclethat generates an intervention request for the vehicle to engage in anintervention with a person; and (c) a communication element thatreceives a command from the person to the driving control system for thesteering, acceleration, and deceleration devices to cause the vehicle tomaneuver to a goal location.

In some implementations, the vehicle may comprise a processor thatreceives information about a status or environment of the vehicle todetermine that the intervention is appropriate. The status or theenvironment of the vehicle may comprise a functionality of a hardwarecomponent or software of the vehicle. The information about the statusor the environment of the vehicle may comprise a signal from a hardwarecomponent or software of the vehicle.

In some implementations, the vehicle may include determining thatintervention is appropriate by analyzing the signal. Analyzing thesignal may comprise detecting unexpected data or absence of expecteddata. Analyzing the signal may comprise evaluating a mismatch between ameasured quantity and a model-estimated quantity for the hardwarecomponent or software. Analyzing the signal may comprise using patternrecognition to evaluate an abnormal pattern in the signal. An abnormalpattern may be learned from a machine learning algorithm. Analyzing thesignal may comprise inferring a malfunction in the hardware component orthe software. Analyzing the signal may comprise detecting an unknownobject present in the environment of the vehicle. Analyzing the signalmay comprise inferring an event that is or will be happening in theenvironment of the vehicle.

In some implementations, the request may comprise a request initiated bya remote operator. The request may comprise data associated with statusor environment of a vehicle. The request may comprise one or moresignals from one or more hardware components of the vehicle. The requestmay comprise one or more signals from one or more software processes ofthe vehicle.

In some implementations, the vehicle may comprise a processor causing afallback intervention in the driving control system. The fallbackintervention may comprise causing the vehicle to enter a fullyautonomous driving mode, a semi-autonomous driving mode, or a fullymanual driving mode. The fallback intervention may comprise causing thevehicle to operate at a reduced velocity. The fallback intervention maycomprise identifying a safe-to-stop location. The fallback interventionmay comprise generating a new trajectory to the safe-to-stop location.The fallback intervention may comprise invoking a backup hardwarecomponent or a backup software process. The fallback intervention maycomprise evaluating functional hardware components or software processesrequired to operate the vehicle.

In some implementations, the vehicle may comprise a processor evaluatingone or more active events associated with the vehicle, or theenvironment of the vehicle. Evaluating one or more active events maycomprise merging two or more active events.

In some implementations, the vehicle may comprise a processor enablingthe person to provide information for an intervention comprisesmaintaining a queue based on one or more determinations thatintervention is appropriate. Maintaining the queue may compriseprioritizing an intervention based on one or more of the following: adecision tree, a combinatorial optimization, a machine algorithm, and apast intervention. Enabling the person to provide information for anintervention may comprise allocating the person to provide theinformation based on availability of the person, and one or more of: (a)time, (b) knowledge of the vehicle, (c) knowledge of the environment ofthe vehicle, or (d) a language. Enabling the person to provideinformation for an intervention may comprise presenting an interactiveinterface to the person. Presenting an interactive interface maycomprise presenting a field of view or a bird's-eye of a vision sensorof the vehicle. Presenting an interactive interface may comprisepresenting current or past, or both, perception information. Presentingan interactive interface may comprise presenting current or past, orboth, trajectories. Presenting an interactive interface may comprisepresenting current or past, or both, motion planning information.Presenting an interactive interface may comprise presenting a systemdiagram of the vehicle, the system diagram comprising one or morehardware components, or one or more software processes, or both.

In some implementations, the intervention may comprise a currentlocation of the vehicle determined by the person. The intervention maycomprise treating the current location identified by the person as priorknowledge and using an inference algorithm to update the currentlocation.

In some implementations, the intervention may be based on the personidentifying a goal location of the vehicle. The intervention maycomprise treating the goal location identified by the person as priorknowledge and using an inference algorithm to update the goal location.

In some implementations, the intervention may comprise a trajectory tobe found by the person. The intervention may comprise treating thetrajectory identified by the person as prior knowledge and using aninference algorithm to update the trajectory.

In some implementations, the intervention may comprise one or moretrajectory sampling points identified by the person. The interventionmay comprise inferring a trajectory or a trajectory segment based on theone or more trajectory sampling points. Inferring a trajectory or atrajectory segment may be based on one or more trajectory primitives.The intervention may comprise concatenating two trajectory segments.Concatenating two trajectory segments may comprise smoothing thetrajectory segments and smoothing a speed profile across the trajectorysegments.

In some implementations, an intervention may comprise specifying one ormore un-traversable road segments. An intervention may comprise settinga speed profile. An intervention may comprise treating the speed profileas prior knowledge and using an inference algorithm to update the speedprofile. An intervention may be based on inferring a speed profile by alearning algorithm. An intervention may be based on inferring a steeringangle by a learning algorithm. An intervention may comprise enabling,editing or disabling a hardware component or a software process. Anintervention may comprise enabling, editing or disabling a subcomponentof a hardware component or a processing step of a software process. Anintervention may comprise overwriting a travel preference or a travelrule. An intervention may comprise editing data, the data comprising oneor more of the following: map, sensor data, trajectory data, visiondata, or any past data.

In some implementations, the vehicle may comprise a processorconfiguring the vehicle or a related AV system based on a command.Configuring the vehicle or the AV system based on a command may comprisetreating the command as prior knowledge and using an inference algorithmto update the command. A command may comprise one or more of thefollowing: a trajectory, a label, a process control, an annotation, anda machine instruction.

In another aspect, implementations include an apparatus comprising: (a)a processor configured to (1) receive an intervention request regardingoperation of a vehicle and (2) extract motion information or perceptioninformation from the intervention request, and (b) a display configuredto (1) display the motion information or the perception information and(2) allow a user to interact with operation of the vehicle.

In some implementations, an intervention request may comprise a requestinitiated by a remote operator. An intervention request may comprisedata associated with status or environment of the vehicle or a relatedAV system. An intervention request may comprise one or more signals fromone or more hardware components of the vehicle or a related AV system.An intervention request may comprise one or more signals from one ormore software processes of the vehicle.

In some implementations, the display may be configured to present aninteractive interface comprising a field of view or a bird's-eye of avision sensor of the vehicle. The display may be configured to presentan interactive interface comprising current or past or both perceptioninformation. The display may be configured to present an interactiveinterface comprising current or past or both trajectories. The displaymay be configured to present an interactive interface comprising currentor past or both motion planning information. The display may beconfigured to present an interactive interface comprising a systemdiagram of the vehicle, the system diagram comprising one or morehardware components, or one or more software processes, or both.

In some implementations, the apparatus may include a processor thatconverts one or more interactions from the user into an intervention forthe operation of the vehicle. One or more interactions may comprise acurrent location of the vehicle determined by the user; a processor maytreat the current location identified by the user as prior knowledge anduses an inference algorithm to generate an updated current location asan intervention. One or more interactions may comprise a goal locationof the vehicle identified by the user; a processor may treat the goallocation as prior knowledge and uses an inference algorithm to generatean updated goal location as an intervention. One or more interactionsmay comprise a trajectory identified by the user; a processor may treatthe trajectory as prior knowledge and uses an inference algorithm togenerate an updated trajectory as an intervention. One or moreinteractions comprise one or more trajectory sampling points identifiedby the person; a processor may infer a trajectory or a trajectorysegment based on the one or more trajectory sampling points. A processormay infer a trajectory or a trajectory segment based on one or moretrajectory primitives. A processor may concatenate two trajectorysegments. Concatenating two trajectory segments may comprise smoothingthe trajectory segments and smoothing a speed profile across thetrajectory segments. One or more interactions may comprise specifyingone or more un-traversable road segments. One or more interactions maycomprise setting a speed profile. A processor may treat the speedprofile as prior knowledge and use an inference algorithm to generate anupdated speed profile as an intervention. A processor may infer a speedprofile by a learning algorithm, and the speed profiles may be includedin the intervention. A processor may infer a steering angle by alearning algorithm, and the steering angle may be included in theintervention. One or more interactions or an intervention may compriseenabling, editing or disabling a hardware component or a softwareprocess. One or more interactions or an intervention comprises enabling,editing or disabling a subcomponent of a hardware component or a step ofa software process. One or more interactions or an intervention maycomprise overwriting a travel preference or a travel rule. One or moreinteractions or an intervention may comprise editing data, the datacomprising one or more of the following: a map, sensor data in thevehicle or a related AV system, trajectory data in the vehicle or arelated AV system, vision data in the vehicle or a related AV system, orany past data in the vehicle or a related AV system. An intervention maycomprise one or more of the following: a trajectory, a label, a processcontrol, an annotation, and a machine instruction.

In general, in an aspect, a method comprises: (a) causing a vehicle todrive in an autonomous mode on a road, the vehicle comprising one ormore autonomous driving capabilities; (b) receiving an interventionregarding an operation of the one or more autonomous drivingcapabilities; and (c) analyzing the intervention and configuring one ormore hardware components or one or more software processes of thevehicle.

In some implementations, an intervention may comprise a current locationof the vehicle; analyzing the intervention may comprise treating thecurrent location in the intervention as prior knowledge and using aninference algorithm to update the current location. An intervention maycomprise a goal location; analyzing the intervention may comprisetreating the goal location in the intervention as prior knowledge andusing an inference algorithm to update the goal location. Anintervention may comprise a trajectory; analyzing the intervention maycomprise treating the trajectory in the intervention as prior knowledgeand using an inference algorithm to update the trajectory. Anintervention may comprise one or more trajectory sampling points;analyzing the intervention may comprise treating the one or moretrajectory sampling points as prior knowledge and using an inferencealgorithm to update the one or more trajectory sampling points.Analyzing an intervention may comprise inferring a trajectory or atrajectory segment based on the one or more trajectory sampling points.Inferring a trajectory or a trajectory segment may be based on one ormore trajectory primitives. Inferring a trajectory or a trajectorysegment may comprise concatenating two trajectory segments.Concatenating two trajectory segments may comprise smoothing thetrajectory segments and smoothing a speed profile across the trajectorysegments. An intervention may comprise specifying one or moreun-traversable road segments. An intervention may comprise inferring orsetting a speed profile. Analyzing an intervention may comprise treatingthe speed profile as prior knowledge and using an inference algorithm toupdate the speed profile. Analyzing an intervention may compriseinferring a speed profile by a learning algorithm. Analyzing anintervention may comprise inferring a steering angle by a learningalgorithm. Analyzing an intervention may comprise enabling, editing ordisabling a hardware component or a software process. Analyzing anintervention may comprise enabling, editing or disabling a subcomponentof a hardware component or a processing step of a software process. Anintervention may comprise overwriting a travel preference or a travelrule. An intervention may comprise editing data, the data comprising oneor more of the following: a map, sensor data in the vehicle or a relatedAV system, trajectory data in the vehicle or a related AV system, visiondata in the vehicle or a related AV system, or any past data in thevehicle or a related AV system.

In general, in an aspect, a method comprises: (a) receiving from aremote operator machine-readable instructions regarding an operation ofa vehicle; and (b) configuring the vehicle to execute themachine-readable instructions. The vehicle may comprise one or moreautonomous driving capabilities. Machine-readable instructions mayrepresent one or more of the following: a current location, a goallocation, one or more trajectories, one or more trajectory samplingpoints, one or more speed profiles, or one or more un-traversable roadsegments. Machine-readable instructions may comprise enabling, editingor disabling a hardware component or a software process.Machine-readable instructions may comprise enabling, editing ordisabling a subcomponent of a hardware component or a processing step ofa software process. Machine-readable instructions may compriseoverwriting a travel preference or a travel rule. Machine-readableinstructions may comprise editing data, the data comprising one or moreof the following: a map, sensor data in the vehicle or a related AVsystem, trajectory data in the vehicle or a related AV system, visiondata in the vehicle or a related AV system, or any past data in thevehicle or a related AV system.

These and other aspects, features, and implementations can be expressedas methods, apparatus, systems, components, program products, methods ofdoing business, means or steps for performing a function, and in otherways.

These and other aspects, features, and implementations will becomeapparent from the following descriptions, including the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an AV system.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show examples of a teleoperation system.

FIGS. 3A and 3B show examples of a teleoperation client.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show examples of a teleoperation flowchart.

FIG. 5 shows an example of a teleoperation server.

FIGS. 6-12 show examples of teleoperation interfaces.

DESCRIPTION

The term “autonomous driving capability” is used broadly to include, forexample, any function, feature, or facility that can participate in thedriving of an AV other than by a person manipulating a steering wheel,accelerator, brake, or other physical controller of the AV.

The term “teleoperation” is used broadly to include, for example, anyinstruction, guidance, command, request, order, directive, or othercontrol of or interaction with an autonomous driving capability of anAV, sent to the AV or the AV system by a communication channel (e.g.,wireless or wired). This document sometimes uses the term “teleoperationcommand” interchangeably with “teleoperation.” Teleoperations areexamples of interventions.

The term “teleoperator” is used broadly to include, for example, anyperson or any software process or hardware device or any combination ofthem that initiates, causes, or is otherwise the source of ateleoperation. A teleoperator may be local to the AV or AV system (e.g.,occupying the AV, standing next to the AV, or one or more steps awayfrom the AV), or remote from the AV or AV system (e.g., at least 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 900, or1000 meters away from the AV).

The term “teleoperation event” is used broadly to include, for example,any occurrence, act, circumstance, incident, or other situation forwhich a teleoperation would be appropriate, useful, desirable, ornecessary.

The term “teleoperation request” is used broadly to include, forexample, any communication from an AV or an AV system to a teleoperatoror other part of a teleoperation system in connection with ateleoperation.

The term “tele-interact” or “tele-interaction” is used broadly toinclude, for example, any virtual interaction between a teleoperator anda hardware component or a software process of an AV or an AV system.

The term “fallback operation” is used broadly to include, for example,any fashion, form, or method of action, performance, or activity of anautonomous driving capability of an AV after a teleoperation request andbefore or while a corresponding teleoperation is received and executedby the AV system.

The term “trajectory” is used broadly to include, for example, any pathor route from one place to another; for instance, a path from a pickuplocation to a drop off location.

The term “goal” or “goal position” is used broadly to include, forexample, a place to be reached by an AV, including, for example, aninterim drop off location, a final drop off location, or a destination,among others.

This document describes technologies applicable to any vehicles thathave one or more autonomous driving capabilities including fullyautonomous vehicles, highly autonomous vehicles, and conditionallyautonomous vehicles, such as so-called Level 5, Level 4 and Level 3vehicles, respectively (see SAE International's standard J3016: Taxonomyand Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle AutomatedDriving Systems, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, formore details on the classification of levels of autonomy in vehicles).Vehicles with autonomous driving capabilities may attempt to control thesteering or speed of the vehicles. The technologies descried in thisdocument can be applied to partially autonomous vehicles and driverassisted vehicles, such as so called Level 2 and Level 1 vehicles (seeSAE International's standard J3016: Taxonomy and Definitions for TermsRelated to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems). One or moreof the Level 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 vehicle systems may automate certainvehicle operations (e.g., steering, braking, and using maps) undercertain driving conditions based on analysis of sensor inputs. Thetechnologies described in this document can benefit vehicles in anylevels, ranging from fully autonomous vehicles to human-operatedvehicles.

AV System

As shown in FIG. 1, a typical activity of an AV 10 is to safely andreliably drive autonomously or partially manually or both through anenvironment 12 to a goal location 14, while avoiding vehicles,pedestrians, cyclists, and other obstacles 16 and obeying rules of theroad (e.g., rules of operation or driving preferences). The features,functions, and facilities of an AV or an AV system that enable the AV toperform the autonomous driving often are referred to as autonomousdriving capabilities.

The driving of an AV typically is supported by an array of technologies18 and 20, (e.g., hardware, software, and stored and real time data)that this document together (and with the AV 10) refers to as an AVsystem 22. In some implementations, one or some or all of thetechnologies are onboard the AV. In some cases, one or some or all ofthe technologies are at another location such as at a server (e.g., in acloud computing infrastructure). Components of an AV system can includeone or more or all of the following (among others).

-   -   1. Memory 32 for storing machine instructions and various types        of data.    -   2. One or more sensors 24 for measuring or inferring or both        properties of the AV's state and condition, such as the AV's        position, linear and angular velocity and acceleration, and        heading (i.e., orientation of the leading end of the AV). For        example, such sensors can include, but are not limited to: GPS;        inertial measurement units that measure both vehicle linear        accelerations and angular rates; individual wheel speed sensors        for measuring or estimating individual wheel slip ratios;        individual wheel brake pressure or braking torque sensors;        engine torque or individual wheel torque sensors; and steering        wheel angle and angular rate sensors.    -   3. One or more sensors 26 for sensing or measuring properties of        the AV's environment. For example, such sensors can include, but        are not limited to: LIDAR; RADAR; monocular or stereo video        cameras in the visible light, infrared and/or thermal spectra;        ultrasonic sensors; time-of-flight (TOF) depth sensors; speed        sensors; and temperature and rain sensors.    -   4. One or more devices 28 for communicating measured or inferred        or both properties of other vehicles' states and conditions,        such as positions, linear and angular velocities, linear and        angular accelerations, and linear and angular headings. These        devices include Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and        Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication devices, and        devices for wireless communications over point-to-point or        ad-hoc networks or both. The devices can communicate across the        electromagnetic spectrum (including radio and optical        communications) or other media (e.g., acoustic communications).    -   5. One or more data sources 30 for providing historical, or        real-time, or predictive information, or a combination of any        two or more of them about the environment 12, including, for        example, traffic congestion updates and weather conditions. Such        data may be stored on a memory storage unit 32 on the AV or        transmitted to the AV via wireless communications from a remote        database 34.    -   6. One or more data sources 36 for providing digital road map        data drawn from GIS databases, potentially including one or more        of the following: high-precision maps of the roadway geometric        properties; maps describing road network connectivity        properties; maps describing roadway physical properties (such as        the number of vehicular and cyclist traffic lanes, lane width,        lane traffic directions, or lane marker types and locations, or        combinations of them); and maps describing the spatial locations        of road features such as crosswalks, traffic signs or other        travel signals of various. Such data may be stored on a memory        storage unit 32 on the AV, or transmitted to the AV by wireless        communication from a remotely located database, or a combination        of the two.    -   7. One or more data sources 38 for providing historical        information about driving properties (e.g., typical speed and        acceleration profiles) of vehicles that have previously traveled        along local road sections at similar times of day. Such data may        be stored on a memory storage unit 32 on the AV, or transmitted        to the AV by wireless communication from a remotely located        database 34, or a combination of the two.    -   8. One or more computing devices 40 located on the AV for        executing algorithms (e.g., processes 42) for the on-line (that        is, real-time on board) generation of control actions based on        both real-time sensor data and prior information, allowing the        AV to execute its autonomous driving capabilities.    -   9. One or more interface devices 44 (e.g., displays, mouses,        track points, keyboards, touchscreens, speakers, biometric        readers, and gesture readers) coupled to the computing devices        40 for providing information and alerts of various types to, and        receiving input from, a user (e.g., an occupant or a remote        user) of the AV. The coupling may be wireless or wired. Any two        or more of the interface devices may be integrated into a single        one.    -   10. One or more communication interfaces 46 (e.g., wired,        wireless, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, satellite, cellular, optical,        near field, or radio, or combinations of them) for transmitting        data from a remotely located database 34 to the AV, to transmit        sensor data or data related to driving performance to a remotely        located database 34, and to transmit communications that relate        to teleoperations.    -   11. Functional devices 48 of the AV that are instrumented to        receive and act on commands for driving (e.g., steering,        acceleration, deceleration, gear selection) and for auxiliary        functions (e.g., turn indicator activation) from the computing        devices 40.        Teleoperation System

A teleoperation system, which may be remote or local or a combination ofthem to the AV or AV system, can enable a teleoperator to interact withthe AV system (e.g., providing commands, visualizing a drivingcondition, and investigating functionality of a hardware component orsoftware process) via a communication channel. The interactions mayassist the AV system to adequately respond to various events.

FIG. 2A illustrates exemplary architecture of a teleoperation system. Ateleoperation system 290 may include the following elements (amongothers):

-   -   A teleoperation client 201 (e.g., hardware, software, firmware,        or a combination of two or more of them), typically installed on        an AV 200 of an AV system 292. The teleoperation client 201 may        interact with components (e.g., sensors 203, communication        devices 204, user interface devices, memory 206, a controller        207, or functional devices, or combinations of them) of the AV        system 292, for example, sending and receiving information and        commands. The teleoperation client 201 can communicate over a        communication interface 204 (that may be at least partly        wireless) with a teleoperation server 210.    -   A teleoperation server 210, may be located in the AV 200 or in a        remote location, for example, at least 0.1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10,        20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 900, or 1000        meters away from the AV 200. The teleoperation server 210        communicates with the teleoperation client 201 using the        communication interface 204. In some implementations, the        teleoperation server 210 can communicate simultaneously with        multiple teleoperation clients; for example, the teleoperation        server 210 communicates with another teleoperation client 251 of        another AV 250 that is part of another AV system 294. The        clients 201 and 251 may communicate with one or more data        sources 220 (e.g., a central server 222, a remote sensor 224,        and a remote database 226 or combinations of them) to collect        data (e.g., road networks, maps, weather, and traffics) for        implementing autonomous driving capabilities. The teleoperation        server 210 may also communicate with the remote data sources 220        for teleoperations for the AV system 292 or 294 or both.    -   A user interface 212 presented by the teleoperation server 210        for a human teleoperator 214 to engage in teleoperations for the        AV system 200. In some cases, the interface 212 may render to        the teleoperator 214 what the AV system 200 has perceived or is        perceiving. The rendering may be based on real sensor signals or        based on simulations. In some implementations, the user        interface 212 may be replaced by an automatic intervention        process 211 that makes any decisions on behalf of the        teleoperator 214.

Referring to FIG. 2B, in some implementations, a teleoperation client201 may communicate with two or more teleoperation servers 231 and 232,where the servers send and aggregate various information for a singleteleoperator 214 to conduct a teleoperation session on a user interface212. In some cases, a teleoperation client 201 may communicate with twoor more teleoperation servers (e.g., 231 and 233), which presentindividual user interfaces (e.g., 212 and 216) to differentteleoperators (e.g., 214 and 218), allowing the two or moreteleoperators (e.g., 214 and 218) to jointly participate in ateleoperation session. In some cases, automatic processes 211 and 215may automate teleoperation on behalf of the interfaces (e.g., 212 and216) and teleoperators (e.g., 214 and 218).

FIG. 3A shows an exemplary flow chart of a teleoperation system 290.FIG. 3B shows an exemplary architecture of a teleoperation client 201,which may be software loaded on memory 322 being executed by a processor320, or may be hardware comprising one or more of the following: a databus 310, a processor 320, memory 322, a database 324, and acommunication interface 326. Referring FIG. 3A, in an initial condition301, an AV system operates in a fully autonomous mode (that is, drivingwithout manual assistance). In step 302, a teleoperation event isgenerated by a monitoring process (332 in FIG. 3B) on the AV system. Insome implementations, this begins the teleoperation. In step 303, basedon the generated teleoperation event, a teleoperation request isgenerated by an event handling process (334 in FIG. 3B), which requeststhe teleoperation system to begin a tele-interaction with the AV system.In response to the request, the teleoperation system 290 may allocate anavailable teleoperator and present the teleoperation request to theteleoperator. In some cases, the teleoperation request may compriseinformation (e.g., a planned trajectory, a perceived environment, avehicular component, or a combination of them, among other things) ofthe AV system. Meanwhile, while awaiting a teleoperation to be issued bythe teleoperator, the AV system may implement a fallback operation 307.

In step 304, the teleoperator accepts the teleoperation request andengages in the tele-interaction. The tele-interactions can vary; forexample, the teleoperation server may recommend possible teleoperationsthrough an interface to the teleoperator, and the teleoperator canselect one or more of the recommended teleoperations and cause theteleoperations to be sent to the AV system. In some implementations, theteleoperation server renders an environment of the AV system through auser interface to the teleoperator, and the teleoperator can see theenvironment to select an optimal teleoperation. In some cases, theteleoperator may enter computer codes as a teleoperation. In someexamples, the teleoperator uses the interface to draw a recommendedtrajectory for the AV along which to continue its driving.

Based on the tele-interaction, the teleoperator may issue a suitableteleoperation, which is then processed by a teleoperation handlingprocess (336 in FIG. 3B). In step 305, the teleoperation handlingprocess sends the teleoperation to the AV system to affect theautonomous driving capabilities of the AV. In step 306, once the AVsystem completes the execution of the teleoperation or aborts theteleoperation? or the teleoperation is terminated by the teleoperator,the teleoperation ends. The AV system may return to the autonomous mode301 and the AV system listens for another teleoperation event.

Teleoperation Client

FIG. 4A shows an exemplary flowchart of a teleoperation client 201. Insome implementations, the teleoperation client 201 can be integrated asa part of an AV system 410. In some examples, the teleoperation client201 is distinct from the AV system 410 and maintains communication withthe AV system 410. In some instances, the teleoperation client 201 maycomprise an AV system monitoring process 420, a teleoperation eventhandling process 430, and a teleoperation command handling process 440.The AV system monitoring process 420 may read system information anddata 412 for analysis. An analysis result may generate a teleoperationevent 422 to the teleoperation event handling process 430. Theteleoperation event handling process 430 may send out a teleoperationrequest 434 to a teleoperation server 450 and a fallback request 432 tothe teleoperation command handling process 440. In some implementations,the teleoperation server 450 may present a user interface 460 for ateleoperator 470 to perform tele-interaction with the AV system 410. Inresponse to actions of the teleoperator through the user interface, theteleoperation server may issue a teleoperation command 452 thatexpresses the teleoperation in a form for use by the teleoperationcommand handling process 440. The teleoperation command handling process440 translates the teleoperation command into an AV system command 442expressed in a form useful for the AV system 410 and sends the commandto the AV system.

AV System Monitoring Process.

The AV system monitoring process 420 may receive system information anddata 412 to monitor the operation status (e.g., velocity, acceleration,steering, data communications, perception, and trajectory planning) ofthe AV system 410. The operation status may be based on directly readingoutputs of hardware components or software processes or both of the AVsystem 410, or indirectly inferring, e.g., computationally orstatistically, the outputs by measuring associated quantities, or both.In some implementations, the AV system monitoring process 420 may deriveinformation (e.g., computing a statistic, or comparing monitoredconditions with knowledge in a database) from the operation status.Based on the monitored operation status or derived information or both,the monitoring process 420 may determine a teleoperation event 422 forwhich a teleoperation 452 ought to be generated.

When one or more components of the AV system 22 (FIG. 1) is in anabnormal or unexpected condition (e.g., malfunctions or generates anunusual output), a teleoperation event (422 in FIG. 4A) may betriggered. For instance, a brake malfunctions; a flat tire occurs; thefield of view of a vision sensor is blocked; a frame rate of a visionsensor drops below a threshold; an AV system's movement does not matchwith a current steering angle, a throttle level, a brake level, or acombination of them; a fault software code; a reduced signal strength;an increased noise level; an unknown object perceived in the environmentof the AV system; a motion planning process is unable to find atrajectory towards the goal due to a planning error; inaccessibility toa data source (e.g., a database, a sensor, and a map data source); orcombinations of them.

In some implementations, a teleoperation event (422 in FIG. 4A) may betriggered upon an even or a request. Examples include: a detour, aprotest, a fire, an accident, a flood, a fallen tree or rock, a medicalemergency, a police request, a request by an occupant in the AV (e.g., apassenger does not like driving behaviors of the AV system), a requestby a user of the AV (e.g., a package sender using the AV system to shippackages wants to change a new trajectory or a destination), orinitiation by a teleoperator, or combinations of them.

A teleoperation event 422 generated by the AV system monitoring process420 may comprise one or more of the following items of information:

-   -   1. One or more outputs from hardware components or software        processes of the AV system 410, e.g., video streams from a        camera, signals of a sensor (e.g., LIDAR, and a radar), tracked        objects from a perception system, dynamic quantities (e.g.,        velocity and orientation) of the AV system, throttle levels,        brake levels, or a trajectory identified by a motion planning        process, or combinations of them.    -   2. Status of hardware components and or software processes of        the AV system 410, e.g., a failure in sensor operations, a heavy        load in a motion planning process, a long queue, or a long time        in a decision making process. The status information may be used        for determining an applicable teleoperation.    -   3. Relationships between measurements and estimates or        thresholds. For example, the number of feasible trajectories        towards a goal is smaller than a threshold (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5        or 10). The number of unknown objects perceived in an        environment near the AV system is larger than a threshold (e.g.,        0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10). A confidence level of a        variable (e.g., a signal intensity, a velocity, an orientation,        a data rate, a distance to a perceived object, or a geolocation        position) drops below a certain threshold (e.g., 100%, 95%, 90%,        85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, or 50%). The deviation of a        measured quantity from an estimate is beyond a threshold (e.g.,        at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%,        45% or 50%). The deviation may be set deterministically or        inferred probabilistically by a machine learning approach.    -   4. Absence of certain data from the AV system 410 or from other        data sources or both, such as map data, sensor data,        connectivity data, GPS data, infrastructure data, or        vehicle-to-vehicle data.    -   5. Presence of certain data from the AV system 410 or from other        data sources or both, such as an unexpected occupant in the AV,        an unexpected login into the AV system, or unexpected data        injected into the AV system 410.    -   6. Presence of a request, such as a request for teleoperation        assistance made by an occupant of the AV or a user of the AV        system 410.    -   7. A hazardous condition in the AV system 410 or in the        environment of the AV system 410. Examples include a fire, a        flat tire, a bomb.    -   8. Known facts regarding the AV system 410 or the environment of        the AV system 410. Examples include: any objects perceived in        the past or current environment of the AV system 410; any past,        current or future travel rules; any past, current or future        trajectories; a construction zone; and a lane shift.    -   9. Unrecognizable matters. Examples include: a detected object        in the past or current environment of the AV system 410 cannot        be recognized by the AV system 410; any past, current or future        travel rules cannot be interpreted by the AV system 410; any        past, current or future trajectories cannot be planned; and an        interference (e.g., a construction zone and a detour) on a road        segment.

The existence of circumstances suggesting the occurrence of an eventneed not be based on explicit information from the AV system 410 but canbe inferred. For example, in some implementations, the AV systemmonitoring process 420 may determine or infer a failure in the AV system410 by pattern recognition. For example, one or more signal valuesreceived from the AV system 410 that are out of a specified pattern maybe determined as a system failure. Patterns can be hand-crafted ordeduced from data via machine learning approaches such as re-enforcementlearning or deep learning.

In some implementations, the AV system monitoring process 420 may detecta failure in the AV system 410 by a model-based approach. A model of themonitored hardware component or software process is constructed and acurrent state of the model is estimated using past inputs or pastmeasurements. When a measurement associated with the current statedeviates from its estimate, a system failure may occur. For example,dynamic quantities (e.g., velocity and orientation) of the AV withrespect to throttle and steering commands is described in a dynamicsmodel, and the monitoring process 420 uses the dynamics model toestimate the dynamic quantities at time t based on the throttle andsteering commands at time t−1. When the measured dynamic quantities attime t differ from the estimated dynamic quantities by at least 1%, 2%,3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% or 50%, themonitoring process 420 determines a system failure. A model may behand-designed or identified using system identification approaches orlearned using machine learning approaches (e.g., neural networks).

FIG. 4B illustrates examples of teleoperation events triggered by datafrom various data sources and their relevance to teleoperation asfollows.

-   -   1. Data from a sensor onboard the AV (481). For example, no        image may have been sent from a certain vision sensor during a        certain period of time, indicating that the vision sensor is no        longer functional. This may impact the AV system's ability to        avoid or stop for an obstacle in the view of the vision sensor.    -   2. Data from sensors off board the AV, e.g., from other vehicles        and infrastructure (482). For example, the AV system may receive        notification from a nearby emergency vehicle and be expected to        make way to yield to the emergency vehicle. The teleoperator may        assist the AV system to find an appropriate stopping position on        the side of the road.    -   3. Data from maps, databases, and other data sources (483). For        example, the AV system may have reached a dedicated        teleoperation area marked on the map, e.g., an area where        deference by the AV system to teleoperations from a        teleoperation system is required. The AV system should find an        appropriate stopping location and await teleoperations.    -   4. Data from a perception process of the AV system (484). For        example, a perception process may detect an unknown object        present on the planned trajectory of the AV. The AV system may        stop for the object and await a teleoperator's assistance in        classifying the object.    -   5. Data from a motion planning process of the AV system (485).        For example, the motion planning process may not have been able        to find a feasible trajectory to the goal for a certain amount        of time. A teleoperator can manually assign a trajectory to move        the AV system forward to the goal.    -   6. Data from a control process of the AV system (486). For        example, a controller of the AV system may have experienced a        failure that leads the AV system to not be drivable. The        teleoperator may notify an emergency service provider to tow the        AV.    -   7. Data from a government agency. For example, data from a        police office may show that a road segment is closed.    -   8. Mismatch on data. For example, a perceived road segment is        different from the information provided by a map.

Teleoperation Event Handling Process.

Referring again to FIG. 4A, after the teleoperation event handlingprocess 430 receives the teleoperation event 422, it may use theteleoperation event 422 or system information and data 412 or both toderive important features (e.g., safety, malfunctioning), which may beincluded in a teleoperation request 434. Examples of important featuresare as follows.

-   -   1. Current operation status of a hardware component or a        software process of the AV system 410, which can be a binary        measurement (e.g., indicating functional or not), a category        measurement or a numerical scale, or combinations of them.    -   2. Active teleoperation events, which include a list of        teleoperation events for which teleoperations are being        requested or are being handled under teleoperation or both. For        example, a motion planning process of the AV system 410 may fail        to find a feasible trajectory to the goal, and a first        teleoperation event has been generated. While awaiting a        teleoperation from a teleoperator in response to that request,        the AV system may perceive an ambulance coming and a second        teleoperation event is generated that triggers a second        teleoperation request to a teleoperator to guide the AV system        how to yield the ambulance. The first and the second        teleoperation events may be placed into the list of active        teleoperation events 436. The first and the second teleoperation        events may be consolidated because they share a similar cause:        failure of the motion planning process. In other words, when two        or more teleoperation events 422 are generated, the        teleoperation event handling process 430 may consolidate some of        the teleoperation events 422. A merit of the consolidation is to        let the teleoperator 470 handle similar teleoperation events        together.    -   3. Perceived data about an environment near the AV system 410,        for example, obstacles perceived by a perception process, or        video streams from a camera.

The teleoperation event handling process 430 may generate a fallbackrequest 432 and send it to the teleoperation command handling process440. The fallback request 432 specifies one or more fallback operationsfor the AV system 410 to implement in response to the teleoperationevents 422 while waiting for one or more teleoperations 452. Examples offallback operations are described as follows.

-   -   1. The AV system may remain in a fully autonomous driving mode,        or may allow or request a person to assist in a semi-autonomous        driving mode or to take over driving in a fully manual driving        mode (that is, one in which no autonomous driving capability is        active).    -   2. The AV system may maintain a nominal (e.g., current) velocity        or reduce the driving velocity.    -   3. The AV system may continue following a current trajectory        towards the goal. In some cases, the AV system may plan a new        trajectory from its current location to a safe-to-stop location        (e.g., a parking lot, an empty space on the side of the road, an        emergency lane, a shoulder, a green space, and an AV service        center). The AV system may maneuver the AV along the new        trajectory with the capability to stop to avoid a traffic jam or        accident or hitting an object (e.g., another vehicle or a        pedestrian). (Additional information about such a maneuver is        found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/477,833, filed Apr.        3, 2017 and incorporated here by reference.)    -   4. The AV system may invoke a backup system. For instance, a        cellular communication system may be out of order, and a        satellite communication system can then be invoked; a        high-resolution sensor may malfunction and a low-resolution        sensor may be invoked, where a sensor may include a radar, a        LIDAR, a camera, or a video recorder; a remote database (e.g.,        map data) may become inaccessible real-time, and an in-vehicle        database may be invoked for the purpose.    -   5. The AV system may apply a driving model trained in a past        condition (e.g., a geographic region, a day time, an evening        time, and a peak time) to a new condition. For instance, a        driving model created based on the environment in town A may be        applied to driving in town B; a driving model created based on        the daytime may be applied to driving in the evening or night.    -   6. The AV system may not be allowed to perform certain travel        preferences. For example, a fallback operation may disallow the        AV system to pass another vehicle.

In some implementations, a fallback request 432 may, for example,specify one or more of the following (and a wide variety of otheractions and operations and combinations of them): keep traversing thecurrent planned trajectory autonomously; change the goal to an AVservice center and re-plan the trajectory to the new goal based onautonomous driving; follow autonomously the current trajectory with aslower velocity; re-plan a trajectory to stop at the closest locationthat is safe to stop; or autonomously decelerate until stopped.

Each fallback operation can have two main attributes: one or morerequired system processes (e.g., minimum required onboard processes) anda cost (e.g., a computed cost) of the fallback operation. Examples ofsystem processes include maneuvering, data communications, databaseaccess, motion planning, perception, or sensing, or combinations ofthem. A cost represents how much the fallback operation deviates from anominal autonomous driving mode. For example, an AV system withoutfailure may drive at a nominal velocity (e.g., 40 mph); when a failureprocess occurs, a fallback request to keep traversing autonomously thecurrent planned trajectory with a reduced velocity (e.g., 20 mph) maynot need to invoke a motion planning process but may require at leastperception and sensing processes so that the AV system can avoid hittingobjects. The cost of this example may comprise how much the velocity isreduced from the nominal velocity of the AV system typically driving onthe same road, and how much perception accuracy the AV system willsacrifice when executing the perception and sensing processes withoutinvoking the motion planning process.

A cost of a fallback operation may be described, for example, as afunction of the fallback operation, the teleoperation event, and thecurrent operation status of the AV system. When a fallback requestspecifies two or more fallback operations, the costs of individualfallback operations are added, or weighted-summed. The selection of oneor more appropriate fallback operations may be based on priority. Someimplementations may utilize a decision tree to determine a hierarchy ofthe selection. In some implementations, the selection of one or moreappropriate fallback operations to be included in the fallback requestcan be based on solving a combinatorial optimization problem. Someimplementations of the selection may be based on a machine learningapproach, where the best fallback operation or an optimal set offallback operations is inferred from a database. The database maycomprise past selections in various teleoperation events.

When receiving a teleoperation event, the teleoperation event handlingprocess 430 may initialize a list of fallback operations from which tomake its selection, and remove the fallback operations that cannotinvoke required system processes or whose cost is beyond a threshold orboth. When two or more fallback operations remain on the list, the onewith the least cost may be selected. For example, a first fallbackoperation for which the AV system would traverse a new trajectory to asafe stopping place may require processes of sensing, perception, motionplanning, and maneuvering to be functional. A second fallback operationfor which the AV system immediately starts to slow down to a stop alongan existing trajectory may require the maneuvering process to beoperational. If all the required processes of the two fallbackoperations remain functional, their costs are compared to determinewhich fallback operation should be executed. If the motion planningprocess of the AV system is out of order, the second fallback operationwould be chosen since the first fallback operation is infeasible.

The teleoperation event handling process 430 may send a teleoperationrequest 434 to the teleoperation server 420. When the teleoperationrequest 434 arrives at the teleoperation server 450, the server mayplace the teleoperation request 434 in a queue 451 to allocate anavailable human teleoperator 470. When the allocated teleoperator 470becomes available, the teleoperation request 434 is presented on ateleoperation interface 460 to the teleoperator 470. Allocatingteleoperators 470 to teleoperation requests 434 may be based on one ormore of the following: time (e.g., peak or non-peak hours, seasons, daytime, and night time), knowledge of or experience with the vehicle(e.g., vehicle make and model), or knowledge of or experience in theneighboring environment of the vehicle (e.g., country, state, city,town, street, and landmarks) and a language to be used (e.g., an oralcommunication may be used between a teleoperator and a user of the AVsystem; a sequence of texts may be presented to a user of the AVsystem).

The teleoperation request 434 may comprise one or more of the following:relevant information about an AV system failure or other condition, AVsystem information and data 412, the teleoperation event 422, importantfeatures, currently active teleoperation events, one or moreteleoperations, and data of the AV system associated with each activeteleoperation event.

The teleoperation event handling process 430 may initialize on a clientor on the server 450, or both, a list of potential teleoperations. Eachpotential teleoperation is associated with one or more (e.g., required)hardware components or software processes or both. Potentialteleoperations that have unmet requirements may be removed from thelist. For example, on a teleoperation server 450, a teleoperator 470 maytele-interact with the AV system 410 through the teleoperation systemand issue a teleoperation command 452 comprising a new trajectory, whichmay require the maneuver process and the perception process to beoperational so that the AV system 410 can drive along the specifiedtrajectory without hitting any object. The remaining potentialteleoperations on the list may be ranked based on how easy they are forthe teleoperator 470 to tele-interact with the AV system 410 withrespect to current active teleoperation events. A tele-interaction ableto address more active teleoperation events is ranked higher.

The teleoperator 470 may review the information on the interface 460 andissue one or more teleoperation commands 452. A teleoperation command452 may be expressed at one or more levels. For example, a high-levelcommand may be expressed in a spoken natural language, or a writtennatural language, or both, for example “turn right, go straight, andmake a u-turn”. A middle-level command may be expressed as analphanumeric string, for example, “a001, b005, a003”, where a001 is acode representing turning right, b005 representing going straight, anda003 representing making a u-turn. A low-level command may be expressedas machine instructions, for example,

for a = 1: 90   right-turn 1 degree;   a++; end for t = 1:1000   gostraight;   t++; end for c = 1:180   left-turn 1 degree;   c++; end

Regardless of the level, the teleoperation command 452 may comprise adescription of a behavior of the AV system 410, or one or more steps tobe executed by the AV system 410, or both. When the teleoperationcommand handling process 440 receives the teleoperation command 452, itconverts it into AV system commands 442 for controlling and maneuveringthe AV system.

An AV system command 442 in general comprises machine instructions, forexample, expressed in an assembly language or a low-level language,e.g., C/C++. When a teleoperation command 452 is expressed in ahigh-level language, such as a natural language, the teleoperationcommand handling process 440 may convert the teleoperation command 452into machine instructions for the AV system 410.

Teleoperation Command Handling Process.

The teleoperation command handling process 440 handles fallback requestsfrom the teleoperation event handling process 430 based on one or moreteleoperation events 422, teleoperation commands 452 issued by theteleoperator 470 via the teleoperation interface 460, or both. In someimplementations, a difference (e.g., a conflict) may exist between afallback request 432 and a teleoperation command 452. For example, afallback request 432 may ask the AV system 410 to operate at a reducedvelocity along an existing trajectory, but simultaneously theteleoperation command 452 may ask the AV system 410 to operate at anominal speed along a new trajectory. Thus, the teleoperation commandhandling process 440 has to mediate the difference to make sure the AVsystem 410 drives safely during a transition between a fallbackoperation and a teleoperation.

In some implementations, the teleoperator 470 may initiate atele-interaction without a teleoperation request 434 having beengenerated. The teleoperator 470 may independently initiate ateleoperation command 452 to the teleoperation command handling process440. For example, a weather condition may change from sunny to snowy,and the teleoperator may request the AV system 410 to drive back to anAV service center although the AV system monitoring process 420 has notgenerated any teleoperation event 422 in response to the weather change.

The teleoperation command handling process 440 takes a teleoperationcommand 452 issued by a teleoperator 470 through a teleoperationinterface 460 and translates the teleoperation command 452 into one ormore AV system commands 442. The AV system commands 442 are then sent tocorresponding hardware components or software processes of the AV system410.

Teleoperation Server

In FIG. 4A, a teleoperation system 400 comprises a teleoperation server450, which may present an interface 460 to allow a teleoperator 470 totele-interact with the AV system 410 through the teleoperation system.The teleoperation system 400 enables different types oftele-interactions for the teleoperator 470 to interact with the AVsystem 410 and affect the AV system's behavior, e.g., affect one or moreof the autonomous driving capabilities.

When a teleoperation server 450 receives a teleoperation request 434,the teleoperation server 450 analyzes the teleoperation request 434 andthe associated data, such as relevant information of a system failure,system information and data 412, the teleoperation event 422, importantfeatures, currently active teleoperation events, one or moreteleoperations, or data of the AV systems associated with each activeteleoperation event, or combinations of them. The teleoperation server450 may present corresponding information to the teleoperator 470.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary architecture of a teleoperation server 501,which may comprise software loaded on memory 522 being executed by aprocessor 520, or may be hardware comprising one or more of thefollowing: a data bus 510, a processor 520, memory 522, a database 524,and a communication interface 526.

When a teleoperation request arrives at the communication interface 526of the teleoperation server, the teleoperation request may be handled bya queuing process 532. In some implementations, the queuing process 532may consider a first-in first-out method. In some cases, the queuingprocess 532 may evaluate the urgency of the teleoperation request, andthen prioritize the urgent teleoperation request. A degree of urgencymay be associated with safety. For example, an event that an AV systemis under a fire may be placed with a high degree of urgency; a flat tireoccurrence where the AV system has been parked in a safe place may beplaced with a low degree of urgency.

Prioritizing a teleoperation request may utilize a decision tree todetermine a hierarchy of existing teleoperation requests. In someimplementations, prioritization can be based on solving a combinatorialoptimization problem. Some implementations of the prioritization may bebased on a machine learning approach analyzing a database; the databasemay comprise past teleoperation requests.

The teleoperation server 501 may comprise an interface manager 534,which renders content for a teleoperator to conduct a tele-interactionsession. The teleoperator may conduct the tele-interaction on trajectoryplanning, where one or more trajectory primitives are used based on aprimitive adjusting process 536 (whose details will be described below).When the teleoperator reviews relevant information, he may issue ateleoperation command. The teleoperation server may comprise ateleoperation command issuer 538 to communicate the command to theteleoperation command handling process of a teleoperation client. Insome implementations, the teleoperation command issuer 538 may convertthe teleoperation command into suitable machine instructions, e.g.,alphanumeric strings or computer code.

A tele-interaction between a teleoperator and an AV system may rely onan interface apparatus. For example, FIG. 6 illustrates an apparatus 600with which the teleoperator can choose what information (e.g.,perception 612, motion planning 614, or AV system interaction 616 orcombinations of them) to be displayed. In this example, the teleoperatormay choose perception information 612, and the interface 610 may show afield of view of a vision sensor from the AV system. In some cases, theinterface 650 may show a bird's-eye view of the vision sensor. Someimplementations may comprise both a field of view and a bird's-eye view.The field of view or the bird's-eye view may be a view experienced bythe AV system at the current moment, or a snap-shot at a past time orboth. The perception information may comprise map information. Theperception information may be an image or a video showing a 2D or a 3Dview. When a video is presented, the interfaces 610 and 650 may comprisea navigation bar 618 to allow the teleoperator to control the video. Insome implementations, the perception information may comprise processeddata; for example, segmentation on images, perceived objects in visiondata, detected but unrecognizable objects in vision data.

For example, FIG. 7 illustrates an apparatus 700 with which theteleoperator has chosen motion planning information 712 to be displayedon the interface 710. In some implementations, the interface 710 mayshow a map, a trajectory of the AV, a geolocation of the AV, or anorientation of the AV, or combinations of them. The trajectory may be acurrent trajectory 730 of the AV at the current moment, or a snap-shotat a past time, or a combination of them. The perception information maybe shown as an image or a video showing a 2D or a 3D view. When a videois presented, the interfaces 710 and 750 may comprise a navigation bar720 and 722, respectively. For instance, the interface 710 shows acurrent trajectory 730, but the teleoperator may rewind the display ofthe trajectory by moving the navigation bar 720 to a past time point 722shown in the interface 750.

Referring to FIG. 2A, the teleoperation data associated with theteleoperation request may be stored in a remote database 226 by the AVsystem, and the teleoperation server 210 retrieves the teleoperationdata from the database 226. In some implementations, the teleoperationdata may be transmitted by the AV system to the teleoperation serveralong with the teleoperation request.

Tele-Interaction with the AV System.

The teleoperation server may enable the teleoperator to interact with ahardware component or a software process of the AV system, for example,one or more of the autonomous driving capabilities. Different types oftele-interactions are allowed. For example, a tele-interaction onlocalization helps the AV system to identify the AV system's locationwhen an onboard localization process fails; a tele-interaction ontrajectory helps the AV system to identify a new trajectory or update anexisting trajectory; a tele-interaction on annotation helps the AVsystem to recognize a perceived object. Many other examples exist.

Tele-Interaction on Localization.

When a localization component (i.e., a process that determines thegeolocation of the AV) on the AV system fails, a teleoperation event forthe failed localization is generated. The teleoperator may invoketele-interaction with respect to localization for the AV system, whichguides the AV system to re-localize itself. For example, FIG. 8illustrates a scenario in which the AV system is unable to localizeitself, and a teleoperation request is sent to a teleoperator. Theteleoperation server presents to the teleoperator an interface 810, andallows the teleoperator to activate an AV system tele-interaction 812.The teleoperation request may be transmitted along with perception dataabout the environment near the AV system, and the interface 810 displaysa field of view 814. The teleoperator may review the environment and mapdata, and determine the location of the AV system on the map data. Theinterface 810 may change to the interface 850 during thetele-interaction and show a bird's-eye view 854 on the map data, and theteleoperator can place the location of the AV system at the spot 852.

The information identifying the position of the spot 852 is transmittedwithin a teleoperation command back to the AV system. In someimplementations, the spot 852 identified by the teleoperator may betreated by the teleoperation command handling process as a deterministiccommand. Thus, a motion planning process may resume with the spot 852considered as a starting position and search for an optimal trajectorytoward the original goal.

In some implementations, the spot 852 may be treated as anon-deterministic location, and the teleoperation command handlingprocess may use probabilistic reasoning to identify a true geolocationon the map data. For instance, the spot 852 may be considered as priorknowledge, and a conditional probability on the prior knowledge may becomputed to infer a true geolocation of the AV system. In some cases,the conditional probability may consider other information comprisingone or more of the following: past or current or both perception data,past or current or both trajectory data, map data, sensing data from anonboard sensor, sensing data from an off-board sensor, and data from anexternal data source.

Tele-Interaction on Motion Planning.

When a motion planning process on the AV system fails, a teleoperationevent for the failed motion planning process may be generated. Theteleoperator may invoke tele-interaction for motion planning for the AVsystem, which guides the AV system to identify a trajectory.

For example, FIG. 9 illustrates a scenario in which the AV system isunable to identify an adequate trajectory, and a teleoperation requestis sent to a teleoperator. The teleoperation server presents to theteleoperator an interface 910, and allows the teleoperator to activatean AV system tele-interaction 912. The teleoperation request wastransmitted along with, e.g., geolocation of the AV or map data or both.In some applications, data about the environment near the AV system maybe transmitted with the teleoperation request.

The interface 910 may display a map around the AV 930 and a goal 932.The teleoperator may review the associated data and determine (e.g.,draw) a new trajectory for the AV system 930 on the map. The interface910 may switch to another interface 950 during the tele-interactionsession and show a new trajectory 952 on the map data. A teleoperationcommand may comprise the new trajectory and may be sent to theteleoperation command handling process on the AV system.

In some implementations, the teleoperator provides one or more seeds 920of a possible trajectory, and a new trajectory 952 is generated on theinterface 950. A seed may be a point or a trajectory segment. Ateleoperation command may comprise the one or more seeds, the newtrajectory, or both, and be sent to the teleoperation command handlingprocess on the AV system.

In a tele-interaction session, the teleoperator may interact with themotion planning process of the AV system. The teleoperator may performone or more of the following:

-   -   Issue a new goal. The motion planning process then constructs a        trajectory from the current location of the AV to the new goal        through the road network using map data.    -   Issue a series of goals that are to be traversed sequentially.        For example, FIG. 10 illustrates that a teleoperator designated        goals 1010, 1020, 1030 and 1040 in a tele-interaction session.        The motion planning process of the AV system then constructs a        trajectory with segments 1012, 1022, 1032 and 1042 that starts        from its current location and then sequentially passes through        the series of goals.    -   Specify one or more segments of the road network to be        un-traversable. For example, the motion planning process may        then check a current trajectory and check if the current        trajectory traverses any un-traversable segment of the road        network. If so, the trajectory is re-planned to avoid the        un-traversable segments. For instance, the specifying may be        integrated into a map, e.g., by editing annotations on the map        or drawing a new road segment or both.    -   Overwrite a travel preference or a travel rule. In some        implementations, some events may cause the AV system to get        stuck if the AV system remains executing its travel preferences        or travel rules, and the teleoperator may issue a teleoperation        command to overwrite the travel preference or the travel rules.        For example, there may be an unusual event (e.g., a fire, a        protest, an ambulance, a construction, a detour, or a marathon)        taking place on the road where the AV system is driving, and a        teleoperator may command the AV system to pass the unusual event        by executing a lane shift to drive on an opposing lane. For        instance, there may be an object (e.g., a beach ball) blocking        the road, but the AV system cannot recognize what the object is        and may decide to stay in put without hitting the object; a        teleoperation system may be invoked, and after seeing the object        via the teleoperation system, a teleoperator may issue a command        to hit the object in order to let the AV system continue        driving.

In some implementations, a tele-interaction may specify one or more ofthe following elements. The specification may be determined by theteleoperator or computationally derived or both.

-   -   A position (including an orientation) of the AV system. In some        cases, a sequence of positions is described, and a transition        between two consecutive positions may be added.    -   A speed profile describing a preferred velocity of the AV system        on a trajectory segment or on the whole trajectory. The        preferred velocity may be specified as a single value, an upper        bound, a lower bound, or a range or combinations of them.    -   Properties of a trajectory segment or the whole trajectory.        Examples of the properties include one or more of the following:        a tracking error, a confidence interval, allowance or        disallowance on being modified by the AV system's motion        planning process, and additional data (e.g., an updated software        process, a software patch, a remote database, an area on a map,        an updated map, a sensor in infrastructure, detour information,        fire report, events on road networks, and a government agency's        data source) to be considered by the AV system.

An interface for a tele-interaction on trajectory may rely on trajectoryprimitives for a teleoperator to generate or manipulate a trajectory.Referring to FIG. 11, an interface may show one or more trajectoryprimitives: a left turn 1101, a lane change to left 1102, a straightforward 1103, a straight backward, a lane change to right 1104, a rightturn 1105, a U-turn left, a U-turn right, parallel parking or unparking,and perpendicular parking or unparking, or combinations of them, to namea few. A teleoperator may pick one or more trajectory primitives togenerate or manipulate a trajectory. For instance, through the interface1100, a trajectory can be assembled from the following primitives: alane change to right 1122, a straight forward 1124, a right turn 1126,and a straight forward 1128.

A primitive may have a set of parameters that can be adjusted by theteleoperator. Examples of parameters may include one or more of thefollowing: a segment length, a velocity of the AV system when enteringthe primitive, a velocity of the AV system driving along the primitive,a velocity of the AV when reaching the end of the primitive, allowanceor prohibition of a lane change, a radius of a turn (e.g., left turn,right turn, and U-turn), a difference between a position (includingorientation) at the beginning and the end of a turn, a maximum allowableyaw rotation rate of the AV during the traversal of the primitive, andan ending position of the primitive.

Referring FIG. 5, a teleoperation server 501 may comprise a primitiveadjusting process 536 to handle the parameters across primitives. When aspecific parameter is set by the teleoperator, the primitive adjustingprocess 536 may ensure that other parameters are automatically modifiedto be compatible with the current adjustment. For example, when amaximum allowable yaw rotation rate is being configured by theteleoperator, the primitive adjusting process may automatically modifythe entry and exit speed of the primitive to ensure the maximumallowable yaw rotation rate is not exceeded. In some cases, thevelocities of two connected primitives may be different, e.g., a firstprimitive may be set to 60 mph and the second may be set to 35 mph;since an immediate velocity reduction from 60 mph to 35 mph isimpossible for the AV, the primitive adjusting process maycomputationally smooth the velocities across the two primitives.

In some implementations, after a first primitive is selected and set bya teleoperator, the primitive adjusting process 536 may recommendoptions of feasible primitives that may be connected with the firstprimitive. When a second primitive is determined to be connected withthe first primitive, the default parameter values of the secondprimitive may be automatically inferred by the primitive adjustingprocess 536 to ensure the compatibility (e.g., velocity, position andturn) across the connected primitives.

The primitive adjusting process 536 may utilize other data sources, suchas map data, to appropriately set default values of the parameters. Forexample, an entry or exit velocity of a primitive may be set accordingto a speed limit of the road on which the AV system is; a defaultlateral offset of a lane-change maneuver may be set automaticallyaccording to the width of a lane where the AV is currently driving.

Referring FIG. 5, a teleoperation server 501 may comprise ateleoperation command issuer 538 to handle teleoperation commandsgenerated by a tele-interaction session. The teleoperation commandissuer 538 may convert the teleoperation command into suitable machineinstructions, e.g., alphanumeric strings or computer code. Ateleoperation command generated by a tele-interaction session maycomprise any tele-interaction activities taking place during thesession. Referring FIG. 4A, when a teleoperation command handlingprocess 440 in the AV system 410 receives a teleoperation command 452,the teleoperation command handling process 440 may generate, edit, andact on the teleoperation command. In some cases, a teleoperation command452 may comprise a trajectory, and the teleoperation command handlingprocess may treat the trajectory as deterministic or non-deterministicor both, and then execute the trajectory. When the teleoperation commandhandling process 440 treats the trajectory (or a portion of thetrajectory) as non-deterministic, editing the trajectory (or the portionof the trajectory) may base on probabilistic reasoning taking intoaccount other information comprising one or more of the following: pastor current or both perception data, past or current or both trajectorydata, map data, sensing data from an onboard sensor, sensing data froman off board sensor, and data from an external data source.

In some implementations, the teleoperation command handling process 440may infer missing information. For example, a pair of positions(including orientations) at two locations may have been designated bythe teleoperation command 452, but the connecting trajectory from oneposition to the other may be missing in the teleoperation command. Theteleoperation command handling process 440 may, by itself or by invokingthe motion planning process, generate a feasible connecting trajectoryfrom one position to the other. Inferring the missing trajectory may beperformed using a rule-based system that, for example, transforms apositional difference between the two positions into a smoothtrajectory. Inferring the missing trajectory may be cast as anoptimization problem in which variables are intermediate positionsbetween the given pair of positions, and a cost function can be definedas positional differences between the intermediate positions; e.g., thecost function may be a sum of squares of positional differences.Minimizing the cost function will result in an optimal trajectory, whichwill ensure the resulting transition exhibits smooth and gradual changesin driving orientations.

In some implementations, a teleoperation command 452 may comprise atrajectory without a speed profile, the teleoperation command handlingprocess 440 may, by itself or by invoking the motion planning process,generate a speed profile that leads to safe traversal of the trajectoryby considering data from other data sources, such as positions andvelocities of other objects (e.g., vehicles and pedestrians) from theperception processes and road information from the map. A speed profilemay be derived by dynamic programming where velocity constraints arepropagated backward from the end to the beginning of the trajectoryaccording to safety and comfort constraints.

Tele-Interaction on Hardware Components or Software Processes.

When a teleoperation request arrives at a teleoperation server, theteleoperator may invoke tele-interaction on hardware components orsoftware processes (e.g., autonomous driving capabilities) of the AVsystem. For example, FIG. 12 illustrates a scenario in which theteleoperation server presents to the teleoperator an interface 1200, andallows the teleoperator to activate an AV system tele-interaction toremotely handle hardware components or software processes (e.g.,autonomous driving capabilities) of the AV system. The teleoperator mayselect a process (e.g., a motion planning process 1202, or a perceptionprocess 1204) and then disable or enable the process. In some cases, theinterface 1200 may allow the teleoperator to edit functionalities of theprocess. In some cases, the interface 1200 may allow the teleoperator toview, create, change, edit, delete, import or export data entries in anonboard database 1206.

In some implementations, the interface 1200 may allow the teleoperatorto zoom into a software process for editing one or more internal steps,or zoom into a hardware component for editing one or more subcomponents.For instance, the teleoperator may select the perception process 1204,and internal steps (e.g., segmentation 1222, object detection 1224, andobject recognition and classification 1226) may be displayed. Theteleoperator may select a step to view, create, change, edit, delete,enable, disable, invoke, or neglect a parameter or an algorithm of thestep.

In some implementations, the interface 1200 may display sensors (e.g.,LIDAR 1232 or vision sensor 1234) of the AV system. In some cases, theinterface 1200 may allow the teleoperator to view, edit, enable ordisable functionalities and parameters of the sensors. In some cases,the interface 1200 may allow the teleoperator to view, create, change,edit, delete, enable, disable, invoke, or neglect data acquired from thesensors.

Although the descriptions in this document have describedimplementations in which the teleoperator is a person, teleoperatorfunctions can be performed partially or fully automatically.

Other implementations are also within the scope of the claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a processorconfigured to: receive an intervention request regarding operation of avehicle that is remote to the apparatus, the intervention requestassociated with an object that the vehicle is unable to identify basedon sensor data; receive the sensor data and trajectory data from thevehicle; determine that the object is blocking a road on which thevehicle is operating based on the sensor data and the trajectory data;determine a type of the object based on the sensor data; determine,based on the sensor data, that the object has a height greater than aclearance of the vehicle; generate, based on the type of the object, theidentified height of the object, and the trajectory data, anintervention instructing the vehicle to hit the object to let thevehicle continue driving on the road with the trajectory on which thetrajectory data is based; and transmit, to the vehicle, the interventionto affect the operation of the vehicle.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, inwhich the intervention request comprises data associated with a statusor an environment of the vehicle or a related AV system.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 1, in which the intervention request comprises one ormore signals from one or more hardware components or one or moresoftware processes of the vehicle or a related AV system.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 1, further comprising a display configured to presentan interactive interface comprising a field of view or a bird's-eye of avision sensor of the vehicle.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising a display configured to present an interactive interfacecomprising current or past or both perception information.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 1, further comprising a display configured to presentan interactive interface comprising a current or a past or bothtrajectories.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a displayconfigured to present an interactive interface comprising current orpast or both motion planning information.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1,further comprising a display configured to present an interactiveinterface comprising a system diagram of the vehicle, the system diagramcomprising one or more hardware components, or one or more softwareprocesses, or both.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processorconverts an interaction into the intervention for the operation of thevehicle.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, in which the interactioncomprises: designating a current location of the vehicle; treating thecurrent location as prior knowledge; and using an inference algorithm togenerate an updated current location as the intervention.
 11. Theapparatus of claim 9, in which the interaction comprises: designating agoal location; treating the goal location as prior knowledge; and usingan inference algorithm to generate an updated goal location as theintervention.
 12. The apparatus of claim 9, in which the interactioncomprises: designating a trajectory; treating the trajectory as priorknowledge; and using an inference algorithm to generate an updatedtrajectory as the intervention.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9, in whichthe interaction comprises: designating one or more trajectory samplingpoints; and inferring a trajectory or a trajectory segment based on theone or more trajectory sampling points.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13,in which inferring a trajectory or a trajectory segment is based on oneor more trajectory primitives.
 15. The apparatus of claim 13, in whichinferring a trajectory comprises concatenating two trajectory segments,the concatenating comprising smoothing the trajectory segments andsmoothing speed profiles across the trajectory segments.
 16. Theapparatus of claim 9, in which the interaction comprises specifying oneor more un-traversable road segments.
 17. The apparatus of claim 9, inwhich the interaction comprises: setting a speed profile; treating thespeed profile as prior knowledge; and using an inference algorithm togenerate an updated speed profile as an intervention.
 18. The apparatusof claim 9, wherein the processor infers a speed profile by a learningalgorithm and includes the speed profile in an intervention.
 19. Theapparatus of claim 9, wherein the processor infers a steering angle by alearning algorithm and includes the steering angle in the intervention.20. The apparatus of claim 9, in which the intervention comprisesenabling, editing or disabling a hardware component or a softwareprocess.
 21. The apparatus of claim 9, in which the interventioncomprises overwriting a travel preference or a travel rule.
 22. Theapparatus of claim 9, in which the intervention comprises editing data,the data comprising one or more of the following: a map, the sensor datain the vehicle or a related AV system, trajectory data in the vehicle ora related AV system, vision data in the vehicle or a related AV system,or any past data in the vehicle or a related AV system.
 23. Theapparatus of claim 9, in which the intervention comprises one or more ofthe following: a trajectory, a label, a process control, an annotation,and a machine instruction.
 24. A method comprising: identifying, by atleast one processor of an apparatus, a received intervention requestregarding operation of a vehicle that is remote to the apparatus, theintervention request associated with an object that the vehicle isunable to identify based on sensor data; identifying, by the at leastone processor, the sensor data and trajectory data from the vehicle;determining, by the at least one processor, that the object is blockinga road on which the vehicle is operating based on the sensor data andthe trajectory data; determining, by the at least one processor, a typeof the object based on the sensor data; determining, by the at least oneprocessor based on the sensor data, that the object has a height greaterthan a clearance of the vehicle; generating, by the at least oneprocessor based on the type of the object, the identified height of theobject, and the trajectory data, an intervention instructing the vehicleto hit the object to let the vehicle continue driving on the road withthe trajectory on which the trajectory data is based; and transmitting,by the at least one processor to the vehicle, the intervention to affectthe operation of the vehicle.
 25. At least one non-transitorycomputer-readable media comprising instructions that, upon execution ofthe instructions by at least one processor of an electronic device, areto cause the at least one processor to: identify a received interventionrequest regarding operation of a vehicle that is remote to theelectronic device, the intervention request associated with an objectthat the vehicle is unable to identify based on sensor data; identifythe sensor data and trajectory data from the vehicle; determine that theobject is blocking a road on which the vehicle is operating based on thesensor data and the trajectory data; determine a type of the objectbased on the sensor data; determine, based on the sensor data, that theobject has a height greater than a clearance of the vehicle; generate,based on the type of the object, the identified height of the object,and the trajectory data, an intervention instructing the vehicle to hitthe object to let the vehicle continue driving on the road with thetrajectory on which the trajectory data is based; and transmit, to thevehicle, the intervention to affect the operation of the vehicle.